{"technology":{"slug":"fusion-energy","name":"Fusion Energy","description":"Nuclear fusion research and engineering. Covers tokamak and stellarator designs, inertial confinement, laser fusion, and the path to commercial fusion power.","discipline":"Physics / Energy","icon":"☀️"},"lastUpdated":"2026-07-21T05:40:34.169Z","articleCount":15,"articles":[{"id":"oa-W3038568908","title":"Radiation Resistant Camera System for Monitoring Deuterium Plasma Discharges in the Large Helical Device","authors":"M. Shoji, LHD Experiment Group","journal":"Plasma and Fusion Research","pubDate":"2020-06-08","doi":"10.1585/pfr.15.2402039","abstract":"Radiation resistant camera system was constructed for monitoring deuterium plasma discharges in the Large Helical Device (LHD). This system has contributed to safe operation during two experimental campaigns without serious problems due to radiation (neutrons and gamma-rays). The cameras steadily functioned even in the plasma discharge with the maximum neutron emission rate in FY 2017, though some bright specks temporarily appeared on the images. The cameras have been installed in shield boxes which consist of lead boxes covered with 10% borated polyethylene blocks in all directions. For optimizing the design of the shield box, the radiation flux distribution was calculated by MCNP-6 code, which reveals the reduction of the radiation flux and the change of the energy spectra in the shield box. Thanks to the optimization, significant extension of the lifetime of the cameras has been realized. Investigation of the influence of the radiation on the CCD image sensor shows that the number of bright specks generally increases with the radiation flux to the camera, which also indicates that some bright specks disappear by the self-annealing process on the image sensor. This phenomenon also highly contributes to the further extension of the lifetime of the radiation resistant cameras.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W3038568908","citationCount":801217,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pfr/15/0/15_2402039/_pdf"},{"id":"oa-W2318683899","title":"Theoretical nuclear physics","authors":"W. F. G. Swann","journal":"Journal of the Franklin Institute","pubDate":"1953-11-01","doi":"10.1016/0016-0032(53)91142-9","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2318683899","citationCount":2874,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016003253911429"},{"id":"oa-W2072024713","title":"Materials challenges in nuclear energy","authors":"S.J. Zinkle, Gary S. Was","journal":"Acta Materialia","pubDate":"2013-01-19","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2012.11.004","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2072024713","citationCount":2594,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W1972369664","title":"ENDF/B-VII.0: Next Generation Evaluated Nuclear Data Library for Nuclear Science and Technology","authors":"M. B. Chadwick, P. Obložinský, M. Herman, N.M. Greene, R.D. McKnight, Dale Smith, P.G. Young, R.E. MacFarlane, G. M. Hale, S.C. Frankle, A.C. Kahler, Toshihiko Kawano, Robert Little, D.G. Madland, P. Möller, R.D. Mosteller, Philip R. Page, P. Talou, Holly Trellue, Morgan White, W.B. Wilson, R. Arcilla, C.L. Dunford, S.F. Mughabghab, B. Pritychenko, D. Rochman, A. A. Sonzogni, C.R. Lubitz, Timothy Trumbull, J.P. Weinman, David Brown, D. M. Cullen, David Heinrichs, D. P. McNabb, H. Derrien, Michael E Dunn, N. M. Larson, L.C. Leal, A.D. Carlson, R.C. Block, J. Blair Briggs, E.T. Cheng, H.C. Huria, Michael Zerkle, K. S. Kozier, A. Courcelle, V.G. Pronyaev, S.C. van der Marck","journal":"Nuclear Data Sheets","pubDate":"2006-12-01","doi":"10.1016/j.nds.2006.11.001","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W1972369664","citationCount":2206,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/900147"},{"id":"oa-W2091202444","title":"Structural materials for fission & fusion energy","authors":"S.J. Zinkle, Jeremy T. Busby","journal":"Materials Today","pubDate":"2009-11-01","doi":"10.1016/s1369-7021(09)70294-9","abstract":"Structural materials represent the key for containment of nuclear fuel and fission products as well as reliable and thermodynamically efficient production of electrical energy from nuclear reactors. Similarly, high-performance structural materials will be critical for the future success of proposed fusion energy reactors, which will subject the structures to unprecedented fluxes of high-energy neutrons along with intense thermomechanical stresses. Advanced materials can enable improved reactor performance via increased safety margins and design flexibility, in particular by providing increased strength, thermal creep resistance and superior corrosion and neutron radiation damage resistance. In many cases, a key strategy for designing high-performance radiation-resistant materials is based on the introduction of a high, uniform density of nanoscale particles that simultaneously provide good high temperature strength and neutron radiation damage resistance.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2091202444","citationCount":1277,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(09)70294-9"},{"id":"oa-W1985551064","title":"Ferritic/martensitic steels for next-generation reactors","authors":"R.L. Klueh, Andrew Nelson","journal":"Journal of Nuclear Materials","pubDate":"2007-05-11","doi":"10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.05.005","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W1985551064","citationCount":883,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W2025973984","title":"Recent progress in research on tungsten materials for nuclear fusion applications in Europe","authors":"M. Rieth, S. L. Dudarev, S.M. González de Vicente, Jarir Aktaa, T. Ahlgren, Steffen Antusch, David E.J. Armstrong, M. Balden, N. Baluc, M.F. Barthe, Widodo Widjaja Basuki, Manjusha Battabyal, Charlotte Becquart, Darina Blagoeva, H. Boldyryeva, J. Brinkmann, Massimo Celino, Ł. Ciupiński, J.B. Correia, A. De Backer, Christophe Domain, E. Gaganidze, C. Garcı́a-Rosales, J.S. Gibson, Mark R. Gilbert, Simone Giusepponi, Bernd Gludovatz, H. Greuner, K. Heinola, T. Höschen, A. Hoffmann, N. Holstein, F. Koch, W. Krauss, H. Li, S. Lindig, J. Linke, Ch. Linsmeier, P. López-Ruiz, H. Maier, Jiří Matějíček, Tarini Prasad Mishra, Mamoun Muhammed, A. Muñóz, M. Muzyk, K. Nordlund, D. Nguyen-Manh, J.B. Opschoor, N. Ordás, T. Palacios, G. Pintsuk, Reinhard Pıppan, J. Reiser, J. Riesch, Steve Roberts, Lorenz Romaner, M. Rosiński, M. Sánchez, W. Schulmeyer, H. Traxler, A. Ureña, J.G. van der Laan, Lyubomira Veleva, Sverker Wahlberg, M. Walter, Thomas Weber, Timm Weitkamp, Stefan Wurster, Mazher Ahmed Yar, J.-H. You, A. Zivelonghi","journal":"Journal of Nuclear Materials","pubDate":"2012-08-28","doi":"10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.08.018","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2025973984","citationCount":800,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://oa.upm.es/35412/7/INVE_MEM_2013_192429.pdf"},{"id":"oa-W1597745259","title":"Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy","authors":"J. P. Freidberg","journal":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","pubDate":"2007-02-08","doi":"10.1017/cbo9780511755705","abstract":"There has been an increase in interest worldwide in fusion research over the last decade and a half due to the recognition that a large number of new, environmentally attractive, sustainable energy sources will be needed to meet ever increasing demand for electrical energy. Based on a series of course notes from graduate courses in plasma physics and fusion energy at MIT, the text begins with an overview of world energy needs, current methods of energy generation, and the potential role that fusion may play in the future. It covers energy issues such as the production of fusion power, power balance, the design of a simple fusion reactor and the basic plasma physics issues faced by the developers of fusion power. This book is suitable for graduate students and researchers working in applied physics and nuclear engineering. A large number of problems accumulated over two decades of teaching are included to aid understanding.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W1597745259","citationCount":490,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W2060246695","title":"The influence of helium on the bulk properties of fusion reactor structural materials","authors":"H. Ullmaier","journal":"Nuclear Fusion","pubDate":"1984-08-01","doi":"10.1088/0029-5515/24/8/009","abstract":"Radiation-induced deterioration of fission reactor materials is dominated by displacement damage. In fusion reactors, the influence of (n, α) produced helium upon material deterioration is regarded to be of equal importance because of the high nuclear reaction rate caused by the high-energy fusion neutrons. In this review, the mechanisms and the anticipated rates of helium generation in fusion materials are discussed; helium introduction techniques simulating fusion conditions are reviewed in some detail and the atomistic behaviour of helium in metals as well as the nucleation and growth of helium bubbles are briefly surveyed. These phenomena are the main cause for the influence of helium on macroscopic material properties such as tensile strength, creep and fatigue behaviour and swelling. Typical examples of experimental results of material deterioration and first attempts at their theoretical modelling are given in the main part of the review. It is shown that helium effects can be the determining factor for the lifetime of fusion reactor components, particularly at high temperatures. The review concludes with an outlook on future investigations of helium effects and a call for a systematic approach in the development of helium-resistant alloys.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2060246695","citationCount":403,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W2979774340","title":"Materials for future nuclear energy systems","authors":"Gary S. Was, David A. Petti, Shigeharu Ukai, S.J. Zinkle","journal":"Journal of Nuclear Materials","pubDate":"2019-10-07","doi":"10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.151837","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2979774340","citationCount":361,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W4200121615","title":"Nuclear energy: A pathway towards mitigation of global warming","authors":"M.D. Mathew","journal":"Progress in Nuclear Energy","pubDate":"2021-12-10","doi":"10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.104080","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4200121615","citationCount":351,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W2969378109","title":"Challenges for plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion","authors":"J. Linke, Juan Du, Th. Loewenhoff, G. Pintsuk, B. Spilker, Isabel Steudel, M. Wirtz","journal":"Matter and Radiation at Extremes","pubDate":"2019-08-21","doi":"10.1063/1.5090100","abstract":"The interaction processes between the burning plasma and the first wall in a fusion reactor are diverse: the first wall will be exposed to extreme thermal loads of up to several tens of megawatts per square meter during quasistationary operation, combined with repeated intense thermal shocks (with energy densities of up to several megajoules per square meter and pulse durations on a millisecond time scale). In addition to these thermal loads, the wall will be subjected to bombardment by plasma ions and neutral particles (D, T, and He) and by energetic neutrons with energies up to 14 MeV. Hopefully, ITER will not only demonstrate that thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium is feasible in magnetic confinement regimes; it will also act as a first test device for plasma-facing materials (PFMs) and plasma-facing components (PFCs) under realistic synergistic loading scenarios that cover all the above-mentioned load types. In the absence of an integrated test device, material tests are being performed primarily in specialized facilities that concentrate only on the most essential material properties. New multipurpose test facilities are now available that can also focus on more complex loading scenarios and thus help to minimize the risk of an unexpected material or component failure. Thermonuclear fusion—both with magnetic and with inertial confinement—is making great progress, and the goal of scientific break-even will be reached soon. However, to achieve that end, significant technical problems, particularly in the field of high-temperature and radiation-resistant materials, must be solved. With ITER, the first nuclear reactor that burns a deuterium–tritium plasma with a fusion power gain Q ≥ 10 will start operation in the next decade. To guarantee safe operation of this rather sophisticated fusion device, new PFMs and PFCs that are qualified to withstand the harsh environments in such a tokamak reactor have been developed and are now entering the manufacturing stage.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2969378109","citationCount":310,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5090100"},{"id":"oa-W2618172561","title":"Identification of safety gaps for fusion demonstration reactors","authors":"Yican Wu, Z. Chen, Lisha Hu, Ming Jin, Yufang Li, Jieqiong Jiang, Jie Yu, C. Alejaldre, Eef Stevens, K. Kim, D. Maisonnier, A.G. Kalashnikov, K. Tobita, David Jackson, Didier Perrault","journal":"Nature Energy","pubDate":"2016-10-31","doi":"10.1038/nenergy.2016.154","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2618172561","citationCount":197,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://repo.qst.go.jp/records/48283"},{"id":"oa-W3205691532","title":"Nuclear energy consumption, nuclear fusion reactors and environmental quality: The case of G7 countries","authors":"Nigar Demircan Çakar, Seyfettin Erdoğan, Ayfer Gedikli, Mehmet Akif Öncü","journal":"Nuclear Engineering and Technology","pubDate":"2021-10-19","doi":"10.1016/j.net.2021.10.015","abstract":"Global climate change brings environmental quality sensitivity, especially in developed countries. Developed countries use non-renewable energy sources intensively both in their own countries and in other countries, they make productions that cause an enormous rate of increase in CO2 emissions and unsustainable environmental costs. This has increased the interest in environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of nuclear energy consumption and technological innovation on environmental quality in G7 countries using annual data over the period 1970–2015. The Panel Threshold Regression Model was used for the analysis. Empirical findings have indicated that the relationship between nuclear energy consumption and carbon emissions differs according to innovation for nuclear power plants. It was also concluded that nuclear energy consumption reduces carbon emissions more after a certain level of innovation. This result shows that the increase in innovative technologies for nuclear power plants not only increases energy efficiency but also contributes positively to environmental quality.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W3205691532","citationCount":59,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2021.10.015"},{"id":"oa-W4210936815","title":"Nuclear-fusion reactor smashes energy record","authors":"Elizabeth Gibney","journal":"Nature","pubDate":"2022-02-09","doi":"10.1038/d41586-022-00391-1","abstract":"The experimental Joint European Torus has doubled the record for the amount of energy made from fusing atoms — the process that powers the Sun. The experimental Joint European Torus has doubled the record for the amount of energy made from fusing atoms — the process that powers the Sun.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4210936815","citationCount":46,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-022-00391-1/d41586-022-00391-1.pdf"}],"links":{"web":"https://science-database.com/technology/fusion-energy","llms_txt":"https://science-database.com/technology/fusion-energy/llms.txt","api":"https://science-database.com/api/v1/technology/fusion-energy"}}