{"technology":{"slug":"fusion-energy","name":"Fusion Energy","description":"Nuclear fusion research and engineering. Covers tokamak and stellarator designs, inertial confinement, laser fusion, and the path to commercial fusion power.","discipline":"Physics / Energy","icon":"☀️"},"lastUpdated":"2026-10-26T15:21:30.760Z","articleCount":15,"articles":[{"id":"oa-W3205691532","title":"Nuclear energy consumption, nuclear fusion reactors and environmental quality: The case of G7 countries","authors":"Nigar Demircan Çakar, Seyfettin Erdoğan, Ayfer Gedikli, Mehmet Akif Öncü","journal":"Nuclear Engineering and Technology","pubDate":"2021-10-19","doi":"10.1016/j.net.2021.10.015","abstract":"Global climate change brings environmental quality sensitivity, especially in developed countries. Developed countries use non-renewable energy sources intensively both in their own countries and in other countries, they make productions that cause an enormous rate of increase in CO2 emissions and unsustainable environmental costs. This has increased the interest in environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of nuclear energy consumption and technological innovation on environmental quality in G7 countries using annual data over the period 1970–2015. The Panel Threshold Regression Model was used for the analysis. Empirical findings have indicated that the relationship between nuclear energy consumption and carbon emissions differs according to innovation for nuclear power plants. It was also concluded that nuclear energy consumption reduces carbon emissions more after a certain level of innovation. This result shows that the increase in innovative technologies for nuclear power plants not only increases energy efficiency but also contributes positively to environmental quality.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W3205691532","citationCount":61,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1738573321005994/pdf"},{"id":"oa-W4210936815","title":"Nuclear-fusion reactor smashes energy record","authors":"Elizabeth Gibney","journal":"Nature","pubDate":"2022-02-09","doi":"10.1038/d41586-022-00391-1","abstract":"The experimental Joint European Torus has doubled the record for the amount of energy made from fusing atoms — the process that powers the Sun. The experimental Joint European Torus has doubled the record for the amount of energy made from fusing atoms — the process that powers the Sun.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4210936815","citationCount":48,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-022-00391-1/d41586-022-00391-1.pdf"},{"id":"oa-W2389209614","title":"The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and the future of nuclear fusion energy","authors":"Pan Chuan","journal":"","pubDate":"2010-01-01","doi":"","abstract":"Energy shortage and environmental problems are now the two largest challenges for human beings.Magnetic confinement nuclear fusion,which has achieved great progress since the 1990's,is anticipated to be a way to realize an ideal source of energy in the future because of its abundance,environmental compatibility,and zero carbon release.Exemplified by the construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER),the development of nuclear fusion energy is now in its engineering phase,and should be realized by the middle of this century if all objectives of the ITER project are met.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2389209614","citationCount":8,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W2350686115","title":"Nuclear energy and fusion-fission hybrid reactor for pure energy production","authors":"Peng Xian","journal":"","pubDate":"2010-01-01","doi":"","abstract":"The next two decades are very critical for nuclear energy development.The commercial fast reactor may be in use around 2035;it is also possible that magnetically confined fusion,laser fusion and z-pinch fusion will be demonstrated at that time.A fusion demonstration reactor can be a pure fusion or a fusion-fission hybrid.The latter can lower the fusion power and mitigate the radiation damage of high energy neutrons to materials.On the other hand,the supply of deuterium and tritium as fuel for fusion can only last a few hundred years.We describe here a hybrid for pure energy use which can make full use of uranium and is proliferation resistant,as no separation of uranium and plutonium is needed in post-processing.The union of fission,fusion,and a pure energy hybrid can contribute to the large scale use of nuclear energy in the near future,and supply mankind for more than a thousand years.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2350686115","citationCount":7,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W2000558800","title":"The energy source: Nuclear fusion reactors","authors":"H. P. Furth","journal":"Applied Energy","pubDate":"1994-01-01","doi":"10.1016/0306-2619(94)90076-0","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2000558800","citationCount":3,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W2136462835","title":"The Future of Nuclear Energy: Facts and Fiction Chapter IV: Energy from Breeder Reactors and from Fusion?","authors":"M. Dittmar","journal":"arXiv (Cornell University)","pubDate":"2009-11-13","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.0911.2628","abstract":"The accumulated knowledge and the prospects for commercial energy production from fission breeder and fusion reactors are analyzed in this report. The publicly available data from past experimental breeder reactors indicate that a large number of unsolved technological problems exist and that the amount of \"created\" fissile material, either from the U238 --> Pu239 or from the Th232 --> U233 cycle, is still far below the breeder requirements and optimistic theoretical expectations. Thus huge efforts, including many basic research questions with an uncertain outcome, are needed before a large commercial breeder prototype can be designed. Even if such efforts are undertaken by the technologically most advanced countries, it will take several decades before such a prototype can be constructed. We conclude therefore, that ideas about near-future commercial fission breeder reactors are nothing but wishful thinking. We further conclude that, no matter how far into the future we may look, nuclear fusion as an energy source is even less probable than large-scale breeder reactors, for the accumulated knowledge on this subject is already sufficient to say that commercial fusion power will never become a reality.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2136462835","citationCount":3,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0911.2628"},{"id":"oa-W4400491856","title":"Demand of fusion energy for tritium and the possibility of its production in nuclear reactors","authors":"B. V. Ivanov, S. S. Anan’ev","journal":"Atomic Energy","pubDate":"2024-01-01","doi":"10.1007/s10512-024-01099-3","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4400491856","citationCount":2,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W4253801170","title":"NUCLEAR ENERGY: Fusion reactor soon","authors":"","journal":"Chemical & Engineering News","pubDate":"1971-06-28","doi":"10.1021/cen-v049n026.p008a","abstract":"The 4th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion, sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency and held last week at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, was \"about six months too early,\" according to one participant. He might have made such a remark no matter when the meeting was held; nevertheless he had a point: A number of important experiments are just now getting under way. These experiments, says Dr. T. K. Fowler of Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, \"will push on to the higher temperatures and densities where the real problems lie.\" With these problems answered, he adds, \"we will soon be on the road to building a fusion reactor.\" The conference, in fact, included for the first time an entire session on reactor systems—perhaps indicative of how far the field has advanced since the first conference on plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion in 1961. The consensus ...","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4253801170","citationCount":0,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W1141672390","title":"The energy source - nuclear fusion reactors","authors":"Laurence O. Williams","journal":"Elsevier eBooks","pubDate":"2002-01-01","doi":"10.1016/b978-008044045-3/50009-8","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W1141672390","citationCount":0,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W4399895920","title":"Nuclear Fusion Reactors: Challenges and Potential as a Future Energy Source","authors":"S. Ramesh Kumar, G. Renuka, Sheela Bijlwan, Ahmed H.R. Abbas, Smriti Sharma, K.B. Waghulde","journal":"E3S Web of Conferences","pubDate":"2024-01-01","doi":"10.1051/e3sconf/202454013014","abstract":"This review article delves into the promising yet challenging realm of nuclear fusion reactors as a potential future energy source. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of global fusion research, highlighting its potential benefits and the technical obstacles that have hindered its widespread commercial adoption. Fusion energy, with its abundant resources, minimal waste generation, and low emissions, emerges as a long-term solution for a sustainable energy future. However, its technical complexities suggest that its widespread commercialization may not be realized until the end of the century. The article further explores the environmental compatibility, safety, and resource implications of fusion energy. A significant emphasis is placed on the paramount importance of safety in the development of fusion power reactors. The review underscores the need for robust safety cases, accident identification methods, and the establishment of internationally recognized safety standards. Additionally, the paper identifies knowledge gaps and areas necessitating further research, ensuring that fusion power stations meet rigorous safety objectives while minimizing environmental impact. Through a holistic examination of fusion’s potential and challenges, this review offers insights into its role in shaping the future energy landscape.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4399895920","citationCount":0,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2024/70/e3sconf_icpes2024_13014.pdf"},{"id":"oa-W2288366379","title":"Energy: pellet-implosions for a nuclear fusion reactor","authors":"Sudhanshu S. Jha","journal":"","pubDate":"1975-12-01","doi":"","abstract":"During the last year, the total electrical energy generated in India was almost at the rate of 20 million kilowatts (1 kilowatt=10 3 Joules/sec=10 10 ergs/sec; 3.6x10 6 Joules=1 kilowatt-hour=1 unit); the estimated world energy production being more than 200 times higher than that. With increasing populations and industrial developments throughout the world, global demands for energy are expected to rise so fast that meeting such requirements for the next hundreds of years is certainly going to be a challenging assignment for all of us. In many ways, the more important task of providing food for all will depend upon the solution o this auxiliary problem. In fact, it is often said that the search for energy and food is the key to man’s goal of creating a better world for himself. In based on this article, we will discuss one of the schemes based on the nuclear fusion process, which may eventually provide an answer to the energy problem on a long-term basis.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2288366379","citationCount":0,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W4256027117","title":"Nuclear Fusion Reactor - Clean and Safe Atomic Energy","authors":"Moacir L. Ferreira","journal":"SciVee","pubDate":"2012-05-29","doi":"10.4016/48300.01","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4256027117","citationCount":0,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W2915862671","title":"Nuclear fusion energy and comparison of tokamak and stellarator reactors","authors":"Heidi Hakso","journal":"","pubDate":"2018-01-01","doi":"","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2915862671","citationCount":0,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""},{"id":"oa-W7220616644","title":"RECENT PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR FUSION REACTORS: PLASMA PHYSICS, MATERIALS, AND ENERGY POTENTIAL","authors":"Nizam Ahmed, Maria Yaseen, Fatima Nadeem, Imran Hussain","journal":"Policy Research Journal","pubDate":"2026-01-28","doi":"","abstract":"Nuclear fusion is undergoing a decisive transition from a predominantly experimental science to a technologically credible and economically relevant energy solution. Over the period 2020–2025, major advances have been achieved across plasma physics, confinement strategies, materials science, and reactor engineering, substantially narrowing the gap between laboratory demonstrations and commercial deployment. This review critically examines recent progress in magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF), emphasizing record-setting tokamak operations, sustained high-confinement plasma regimes, and the reproducible achievement of scientific ignition in laser-driven fusion experiments. Breakthroughs in plasma turbulence control, AI-assisted diagnostics, and disruption mitigation are highlighted as key enablers of stable and long-duration reactor operation. The rapid maturation of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet technology has enabled compact, high-field reactor concepts with significantly reduced size and cost, catalyzing unprecedented private-sector investment. In parallel, advancements in plasma-facing materials, advanced divertor geometries, additive manufacturing, and tritium breeding blanket technologies are addressing the extreme thermal, mechanical, and neutron-irradiation challenges of fusion environments. The review further evaluates techno-economic projections, regulatory evolution, and the integration of fusion power into future low-carbon energy systems. Collectively, these developments indicate that nuclear fusion is progressing from proof-of-principle toward pre-commercial realization, positioning it as a safe, scalable, and sustainable cornerstone of long-term global energy security.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W7220616644","citationCount":0,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://policyrj.com/1/article/download/1507/1313"},{"id":"oa-W7220701929","title":"Advancing Safe and Sustainable Fusion Energy: Nuclear Physics Insights for Next-Generation Reactor Engineering","authors":"Nazar Miran Athar, Muhammad Jafar Yaseen, Mohammad Ateeq Mudassar, Ahmad Khobaib Dilsoze","journal":"Annual Methodological Archive Research Review","pubDate":"2025-09-29","doi":"10.63075/pc9ncc81","abstract":"Background: Fusion energy has the potential of becoming safe, sustainable, and essentially endless source of power as it seeks to imitate the methods of stellar nucleosynthesis. But turning this promise into working energy systems is still dogged by the complexity of nuclear and engineering issues. Nuclear physics builds on the necessary insight to conquer these obstacles by meticulous modeling of energy discharge interaction, the interaction between neutrons, and materials reaction. Objective: The paper examines the role that nuclear physics plays in the development of the next-generation fusion reactors in terms of their improved safety, sustainability, and energy efficiency. Method: A systematic review of literature was performed during 2021-2025 involving compilation of experimental data, nuclear model and engineering design processes. The areas of primary interest were cross-sections of fusion reactions, confinement issues, neutron transport, tritium breeding facilities and high-energy neutron materials. Results: The result indicates that none of the proposed fusion reactions stand as the most viable in the short-term since D-T fusion advantages include good cross-sections and energy production, although aneutronic fuels are becoming popular, such as D-He3 or p-B11. Nuclear modeling and diagnostics carry a lot of weight concerning confinement performance and radiation-resistant materials. Sub-critical tritium breeding systems are being optimized and neutron shielding is being optimized using nuclear transport simulations so far as to guarantee both self-sufficiency and safety of the reactor. Conclusion: The infeasibility of fusion energy systems can be greatly addressed by combining nuclear physics with the engineering of reactors. Such interdisciplinary knowledge is what will be needed to shift experimental fusion into scalable commercial power generation.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W7220701929","citationCount":0,"isOpenAccess":false,"pdfUrl":""}],"links":{"web":"https://science-database.com/technology/fusion-energy","llms_txt":"https://science-database.com/technology/fusion-energy/llms.txt","api":"https://science-database.com/api/v1/technology/fusion-energy"}}