{"technology":{"slug":"crispr","name":"CRISPR Gene Editing","description":"CRISPR-Cas9 and related gene editing technologies for precision genome modification. Covers therapeutic applications, agricultural biotech, gene drives, and ethical considerations.","discipline":"Biology / Genetics","icon":"🧬"},"lastUpdated":"2026-10-26T15:20:48.510Z","articleCount":15,"articles":[{"id":"oa-W3112179900","title":"CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and β-Thalassemia","authors":"Haydar Frangoul, David Altshuler, Maria Domenica Cappellini, Yi-Shan Chen, Jennifer Domm, Brenda K. Eustace, Juergen L. Foell, Josu de la Fuente, Stephan A. Grupp, Rupert Handgretinger, Tony W. Ho, Antonis Kattamis, Andrew M. Kernytsky, Julie A. Lekstrom-Himes, Amanda M. Li, Franco Locatelli, Markus Y. Mapara, Mariane de Montalembert, Damiano Rondelli, Akshay Sharma, Sujit Sheth, Sandeep Soni, Martin H. Steinberg, Donna Ann Wall, Angela Yen, Selim Corbacioglu","journal":"New England Journal of Medicine","pubDate":"2020-12-05","doi":"10.1056/nejmoa2031054","abstract":"Summ a r yTransfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) and sickle cell disease (SCD) are severe monogenic diseases with severe and potentially life-threatening manifestations.BCL11A is a transcription factor that represses γ-globin expression and fetal hemoglobin in erythroid cells.We performed electroporation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells obtained from healthy donors, with CRISPR-Cas9 targeting the BCL11A erythroid-specific enhancer.Approximately 80% of the alleles at this locus were modified, with no evidence of off-target editing.After undergoing myeloablation, two patients -one with TDT and the other with SCD -received autologous CD34+ cells edited with CRISPR-Cas9 targeting the same BCL11A enhancer.More than a year later, both patients had high levels of allelic editing in bone marrow and blood, increases in fetal hemoglobin that were distributed pancellularly, transfusion independence, and (in the patient with SCD) elimination of vaso-occlusive episodes.(Funded by CRISPR Therapeutics and Vertex Pharmaceuticals; ClinicalTrials.govnumbers, NCT03655678 for CLIMB THAL-111 and NCT03745287 for CLIMB SCD-121.)T ransfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) and sickle cell disease (SCD) are the most common monogenic diseases worldwide, with an annual diagnosis in approximately 60,000 patients with TDT and 300,000 patients with SCD.[1][2][3] Both diseases are caused by mutations in the hemoglobin β subunit gene (HBB).Mutations in HBB that cause TDT 4 result in reduced (β + ) or absent (β 0 ) β-globin synthesis and an imbalance between the α-like and β-like globin (e.g., β, γ, and δ) chains of hemoglobin, which causes ineffective erythropoiesis.5,6 Sickle hemoglobin is the result of a point mutation in HBB that replaces glutamic acid with valine at amino acid position 6.Polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin causes erythrocyte deformation, hemolysis, anemia, painful vaso-occlusive episodes, irreversible end-organ damage, and a reduced life expectancy.5 Treatment options primarily consist of transfusion and iron chelation in patients with TDT 7 and pain management, transfusion, and hydroxyurea in those with SCD. 8 Recently approved therapies, including luspatercept 9 and crizanlizumab, 10 have reduced transfusion requirements in patients with TDT and the incidence of vaso-occlusive episodes in those with SCD, respectively, but neither treatment addresses the underlying cause of the disease nor fully ameliorates disease manifestations.Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation can cure both TDT and CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and β-Thalassemia","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W3112179900","citationCount":1958,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2031054?articleTools=true"},{"id":"oa-W4323666400","title":"Off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing","authors":"Congting Guo, Xiaoteng Ma, Fei Gao, Yuxuan Guo","journal":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","pubDate":"2023-03-09","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2023.1143157","abstract":"Gene editing stands for the methods to precisely make changes to a specific nucleic acid sequence. With the recent development of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system, gene editing has become efficient, convenient and programmable, leading to promising translational studies and clinical trials for both genetic and non-genetic diseases. A major concern in the applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system is about its off-target effects, namely the deposition of unexpected, unwanted, or even adverse alterations to the genome. To date, many methods have been developed to nominate or detect the off-target sites of CRISPR/Cas9, which laid the basis for the successful upgrades of CRISPR/Cas9 derivatives with enhanced precision. In this review, we summarize these technological advancements and discuss about the current challenges in the management of off-target effects for future gene therapy.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4323666400","citationCount":626,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1143157/pdf"},{"id":"oa-W2755653587","title":"Delivery strategies of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system for therapeutic applications","authors":"Chang Liu, Li Zhang, Hao Liu, Kun Cheng","journal":"Journal of Controlled Release","pubDate":"2017-09-11","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.012","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2755653587","citationCount":607,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5723556"},{"id":"oa-W4213070361","title":"Current applications and future perspective of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in cancer","authors":"Siwei Wang, Chao Gao, Yi-Min Zheng, Yi Li, Jia‐Cheng Lu, Xiaoyong Huang, Jiabin Cai, Pengfei Zhang, Yuehong Cui, Ai‐Wu Ke","journal":"Molecular Cancer","pubDate":"2022-02-21","doi":"10.1186/s12943-022-01518-8","abstract":"Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system provides adaptive immunity against plasmids and phages in prokaryotes. This system inspires the development of a powerful genome engineering tool, the CRISPR/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genome editing system. Due to its high efficiency and precision, the CRISPR/Cas9 technique has been employed to explore the functions of cancer-related genes, establish tumor-bearing animal models and probe drug targets, vastly increasing our understanding of cancer genomics. Here, we review current status of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in oncological research. We first explain the basic principles of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and introduce several new CRISPR-based gene editing modes. We next detail the rapid progress of CRISPR screening in revealing tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance mechanisms. In addition, we introduce CRISPR/Cas9 system delivery vectors and finally demonstrate the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 engineering to enhance the effect of adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) and reduce adverse reactions.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4213070361","citationCount":476,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12943-022-01518-8"},{"id":"oa-W4220766750","title":"Engineering the next-generation of CAR T-cells with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing","authors":"Alexander J. Dimitri, Friederike Herbst, Joseph A. Fraietta","journal":"Molecular Cancer","pubDate":"2022-03-18","doi":"10.1186/s12943-022-01559-z","abstract":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells represent a breakthrough in personalized cancer therapy. In this strategy, synthetic receptors comprised of antigen recognition, signaling, and costimulatory domains are used to reprogram T-cells to target tumor cells for destruction. Despite the success of this approach in refractory B-cell malignancies, optimal potency of CAR T-cell therapy for many other cancers, particularly solid tumors, has not been achieved. Factors such as T-cell exhaustion, lack of CAR T-cell persistence, cytokine-related toxicities, and bottlenecks in the manufacturing of autologous products have hampered the safety, effectiveness, and availability of this approach. With the ease and accessibility of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing, it is possible to address many of these limitations. Accordingly, current research efforts focus on precision engineering of CAR T-cells with conventional CRISPR-Cas9 systems or novel editors that can install desired genetic changes with or without introduction of a double-stranded break (DSB) into the genome. These tools and strategies can be directly applied to targeting negative regulators of T-cell function, directing therapeutic transgenes to specific genomic loci, and generating reproducibly safe and potent allogeneic universal CAR T-cell products for on-demand cancer immunotherapy. This review evaluates several of the ongoing and future directions of combining next-generation CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing with synthetic biology to optimize CAR T-cell therapy for future clinical trials toward the establishment of a new cancer treatment paradigm.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4220766750","citationCount":353,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12943-022-01559-z"},{"id":"oa-W2092493681","title":"Optical Control of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing","authors":"James Hemphill, Erin K. Borchardt, Kalyn A. Brown, Aravind Asokan, Alexander Deiters","journal":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","pubDate":"2015-04-23","doi":"10.1021/ja512664v","abstract":"The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as an important tool in biomedical research for a wide range of applications, with significant potential for genome engineering and gene therapy. In order to achieve conditional control of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a genetically encoded light-activated Cas9 was engineered through the site-specific installation of a caged lysine amino acid. Several potential lysine residues were identified as viable caging sites that can be modified to optically control Cas9 function, as demonstrated through optical activation and deactivation of both exogenous and endogenous gene function.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2092493681","citationCount":270,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17615/xahf-xj10"},{"id":"oa-W2269688815","title":"Outbred genome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in butterflies","authors":"Xueyan Li, Dingding Fan, Wei Zhang, Guichun Liu, Lu Zhang, Li Zhao, Xiaodong Fang, Lei Chen, Yang Dong, Yuan Chen, Yun Ding, Ruoping Zhao, Mingji Feng, Yabing Zhu, Yue Feng, Xuanting Jiang, Deying Zhu, Hui Xiang, Xikan Feng, Shuai Cheng Li, Jun Wang, Guojie Zhang, Marcus R. Kronforst, Wen Wang","journal":"Nature Communications","pubDate":"2015-09-10","doi":"10.1038/ncomms9212","abstract":"Butterflies are exceptionally diverse but their potential as an experimental system has been limited by the difficulty of deciphering heterozygous genomes and a lack of genetic manipulation technology. Here we use a hybrid assembly approach to construct high-quality reference genomes for Papilio xuthus (contig and scaffold N50: 492 kb, 3.4 Mb) and Papilio machaon (contig and scaffold N50: 81 kb, 1.15 Mb), highly heterozygous species that differ in host plant affiliations, and adult and larval colour patterns. Integrating comparative genomics and analyses of gene expression yields multiple insights into butterfly evolution, including potential roles of specific genes in recent diversification. To functionally test gene function, we develop an efficient (up to 92.5%) CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method that yields obvious phenotypes with three genes, Abdominal-B, ebony and frizzled. Our results provide valuable genomic and technological resources for butterflies and unlock their potential as a genetic model system.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2269688815","citationCount":208,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9212.pdf"},{"id":"oa-W3177233526","title":"Spatiotemporal control of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing","authors":"Chenya Zhuo, Jiabin Zhang, Jung‐Hwan Lee, Ju Jiao, Du Cheng, Li Liu, Hae‐Won Kim, Yu Tao, Mingqiang Li","journal":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy","pubDate":"2021-06-20","doi":"10.1038/s41392-021-00645-w","abstract":"The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing technology, as a revolutionary breakthrough in genetic engineering, offers a promising platform to improve the treatment of various genetic and infectious diseases because of its simple design and powerful ability to edit different loci simultaneously. However, failure to conduct precise gene editing in specific tissues or cells within a certain time may result in undesirable consequences, such as serious off-target effects, representing a critical challenge for the clinical translation of the technology. Recently, some emerging strategies using genetic regulation, chemical and physical strategies to regulate the activity of CRISPR/Cas9 have shown promising results in the improvement of spatiotemporal controllability. Herein, in this review, we first summarize the latest progress of these advanced strategies involving cell-specific promoters, small-molecule activation and inhibition, bioresponsive delivery carriers, and optical/thermal/ultrasonic/magnetic activation. Next, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies and discuss their obstacles and limitations in clinical translation. Finally, we propose viewpoints on directions that can be explored to further improve the spatiotemporal operability of CRISPR/Cas9.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W3177233526","citationCount":187,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00645-w.pdf"},{"id":"oa-W2891210592","title":"Off-target predictions in CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing using deep learning","authors":"Jiecong Lin, Ka‐Chun Wong","journal":"Bioinformatics","pubDate":"2018-07-05","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/bty554","abstract":"Motivation: The prediction of off-target mutations in CRISPR-Cas9 is a hot topic due to its relevance to gene editing research. Existing prediction methods have been developed; however, most of them just calculated scores based on mismatches to the guide sequence in CRISPR-Cas9. Therefore, the existing prediction methods are unable to scale and improve their performance with the rapid expansion of experimental data in CRISPR-Cas9. Moreover, the existing methods still cannot satisfy enough precision in off-target predictions for gene editing at the clinical level. Results: To address it, we design and implement two algorithms using deep neural networks to predict off-target mutations in CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing (i.e. deep convolutional neural network and deep feedforward neural network). The models were trained and tested on the recently released off-target dataset, CRISPOR dataset, for performance benchmark. Another off-target dataset identified by GUIDE-seq was adopted for additional evaluation. We demonstrate that convolutional neural network achieves the best performance on CRISPOR dataset, yielding an average classification area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 97.2% under stratified 5-fold cross-validation. Interestingly, the deep feedforward neural network can also be competitive at the average AUC of 97.0% under the same setting. We compare the two deep neural network models with the state-of-the-art off-target prediction methods (i.e. CFD, MIT, CROP-IT, and CCTop) and three traditional machine learning models (i.e. random forest, gradient boosting trees, and logistic regression) on both datasets in terms of AUC values, demonstrating the competitive edges of the proposed algorithms. Additional analyses are conducted to investigate the underlying reasons from different perspectives. Availability and implementation: The example code are available at https://github.com/MichaelLinn/off_target_prediction. The related datasets are available at https://github.com/MichaelLinn/off_target_prediction/tree/master/data.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2891210592","citationCount":185,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/34/17/i656/25702338/bty554.pdf"},{"id":"oa-W3181507805","title":"CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: New hope for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics","authors":"Shanu Bhardwaj, Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Mahesh Rachamalla, Shalini Mani, Ghulam Md Ashraf, Saurabh Kumar Jha, Pravir Kumar, Rashmi K. Ambasta, Harish Dureja, Hari Prasad Devkota, Gaurav Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Sachin Kumar Singh, Kamal Dua, Janne Ruokolainen, Mohammad Amjad Kamal, Shreesh Kumar Ojha, Niraj Kumar Jha","journal":"Journal of Advanced Research","pubDate":"2021-07-06","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2021.07.001","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious, irreversible, and progressive neurodegenerative health condition manifesting as cognitive deficits and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Approximately 50 million individuals are affected by AD, and the number is rapidly increasing globally. This review explores the role of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the management of AD and its clinical manifestations. AIM OF REVIEW: This review aims to provide a deep insight into the recent progress in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and its use against neurodegenerative disorders, specifically AD. However, we have referred to its use against parkinsons's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and other human diseases, as is one of the most promising and emerging technologies for disease treatment. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: The pathophysiology of AD is known to be linked with gene mutations, that is, presenilin (PSEN) and amyloid beta precursor protein (APP). However, clinical trials focused at the genetic level could not meet the desired efficiency. The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool is one of the most powerful technologies for correcting inconsistent genetic signatures and now extensively used for AD management. It has significant potential for the correction of undesired gene mutations associated with AD. This technology has allowed the development of empirical AD models, therapeutic lines, and diagnostic approaches for better understanding the nervous system, from in vitro to in vivo models.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W3181507805","citationCount":139,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123221001351/pdf"},{"id":"oa-W4283009344","title":"CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: a new approach for overcoming drug resistance in cancer","authors":"Mostafa Vaghari‐Tabari, Parisa Hassanpour, Fatemeh Sadeghsoltani, Faezeh Malakoti, Forough Alemi, Durdi Qujeq, Zatollah Asemi, Bahman Yousefi","journal":"Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters","pubDate":"2022-06-17","doi":"10.1186/s11658-022-00348-2","abstract":"The CRISPR/Cas9 system is an RNA-based adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea. Various studies have shown that it is possible to target a wide range of human genes and treat some human diseases, including cancers, by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In fact, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing is one of the most efficient genome manipulation techniques. Studies have shown that CRISPR/Cas9 technology, in addition to having the potential to be used as a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancers, can also be used to enhance the effectiveness of existing treatments. Undoubtedly, the issue of drug resistance is one of the main obstacles in the treatment of cancers. Cancer cells resist anticancer drugs by a variety of mechanisms, such as enhancing anticancer drugs efflux, enhancing DNA repair, enhancing stemness, and attenuating apoptosis. Mutations in some proteins of different cellular signaling pathways are associated with these events and drug resistance. Recent studies have shown that the CRISPR/Cas9 technique can be used to target important genes involved in these mechanisms, thereby increasing the effectiveness of anticancer drugs. In this review article, studies related to the applications of this technique in overcoming drug resistance in cancer cells will be reviewed. In addition, we will give a brief overview of the limitations of the CRISP/Cas9 gene-editing technique.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4283009344","citationCount":129,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://cmbl.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s11658-022-00348-2"},{"id":"oa-W3120369081","title":"CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for curing sickle cell disease","authors":"So Hyun Park, Gang Bao","journal":"Transfusion and Apheresis Science","pubDate":"2021-01-12","doi":"10.1016/j.transci.2021.103060","abstract":"","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W3120369081","citationCount":105,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8049447"},{"id":"oa-W2998155166","title":"AAV-Mediated CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing in Murine Phenylketonuria","authors":"Daelyn Y. Richards, Shelley R. Winn, Sandra Dudley, Sean C. Nygaard, Taylor L. Mighell, Markus Grompe, Cary O. Harding","journal":"Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development","pubDate":"2019-12-24","doi":"10.1016/j.omtm.2019.12.004","abstract":"Phenylketonuria (PKU) due to recessively inherited phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency results in hyperphenylalaninemia, which is toxic to the central nervous system. Restriction of dietary phenylalanine intake remains the standard of PKU care and prevents the major neurologic manifestations of the disease, yet shortcomings of dietary therapy remain, including poor adherence to a difficult and unpalatable diet, an increased incidence of neuropsychiatric illness, and imperfect neurocognitive outcomes. Gene therapy for PKU is a promising novel approach to promote lifelong neurological protection while allowing unrestricted dietary phenylalanine intake. In this study, liver-tropic recombinant AAV2/8 vectors were used to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 machinery and facilitate correction of the Pah enu2 allele by homologous recombination. Additionally, a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) inhibitor, vanillin, was co-administered with the viral drug to promote homology-directed repair (HDR) with the AAV-provided repair template. This combinatorial drug administration allowed for lifelong, permanent correction of the Pah enu2 allele in a portion of treated hepatocytes of mice with PKU, yielding partial restoration of liver PAH activity, substantial reduction of blood phenylalanine, and prevention of maternal PKU effects during breeding. This work reveals that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing is a promising tool for permanent PKU gene editing.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W2998155166","citationCount":101,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"http://www.cell.com/article/S2329050119301500/pdf"},{"id":"oa-W4386860784","title":"CRISPR/Cas9-gene editing approaches in plant breeding","authors":"Himanshu Saini, Rajneesh Thakur, Rubina Gill, Kalpana Tyagi, Manika Goswami","journal":"GM crops & food","pubDate":"2023-09-19","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2023.2256930","abstract":"CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system is recently developed robust genome editing technology for accelerating plant breeding.Various modifications of this editing system have been established for adaptability in plant varieties as well as for its improved efficiency and portability.This review provides an in-depth look at the various strategies for synthesizing gRNAs for efficient delivery in plant cells, including chemical synthesis and in vitro transcription.It also covers traditional analytical tools and emerging developments in detection methods to analyze CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutation in plant breeding.Additionally, the review outlines the various analytical tools which are used to detect and analyze CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutations, such as nextgeneration sequencing, restriction enzyme analysis, and southern blotting.Finally, the review discusses emerging detection methods, including digital PCR and qPCR.Hence, CRISPR/Cas9 has great potential for transforming agriculture and opening avenues for new advancements in the system for gene editing in plants.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W4386860784","citationCount":64,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21645698.2023.2256930?download=true"},{"id":"oa-W3044027650","title":"CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing: An Unexplored Frontier for Forest Pathology","authors":"Erika N. Dort, Philippe Tanguay, Richard C. Hamelin","journal":"Frontiers in Plant Science","pubDate":"2020-07-22","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2020.01126","abstract":"CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has taken the scientific community by storm since its development in 2012. First discovered in 1987, CRISPR/Cas systems act as an adaptive immune response in archaea and bacteria that defends against invading bacteriophages and plasmids. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology modifies this immune response to function in eukaryotic cells as a highly specific, RNA-guided complex that can edit almost any genetic target. This technology has applications in all biological fields, including plant pathology. However, examples of its use in forest pathology are essentially nonexistent. The aim of this review is to give researchers a deeper understanding of the native CRISPR/Cas systems and how they were adapted into the CRISPR/Cas9 technology used today in plant pathology-this information is crucial for researchers aiming to use this technology in the pathosystems they study. We review the current applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant pathology and propose future directions for research in forest pathosystems where this technology is currently underutilized.","tldr":"","source":"OpenAlex","sourceUrl":"https://openalex.org/W3044027650","citationCount":56,"isOpenAccess":true,"pdfUrl":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2020.01126/pdf"}],"links":{"web":"https://science-database.com/technology/crispr","llms_txt":"https://science-database.com/technology/crispr/llms.txt","api":"https://science-database.com/api/v1/technology/crispr"}}